IV Magnesium as an Adjuvant in the OR
Intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate is an increasingly utilized perioperative adjuvant in the operating room (OR), valued for its relaxant, analgesic, and neuromodulatory properties. Magnesium exerts its clinical effects primarily through noncompetitive antagonism of...
Animal-Derived Medications Used in the OR
Modern surgery relies on many medications to ensure patient safety, control bleeding, prevent infection, and support healing. Medications may be synthetic, extracted from bacteria, developed from plants, or derived from animals. Although animal-derived medications...
Postoperative Pain Management in Opioid-Naive Patients
For opioid-naive patients (patients who have not taken opioids before), careful pain management strategies are particularly important because first exposure to opioids during surgery or in the postoperative period may increase the risk of adverse events, prolonged...
Inspired Oxygen Concentration (FiO₂) and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications
The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) represents the proportion of oxygen breather in among the other atomic and chemical components of regular inspiration (e.g., nitrogen, xenon, and other less contributory components). The ideal intraoperative FiO₂ is unclear, with...
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