Decades of research have found and validated many anesthetic agents that allow for life-saving procedures, including but not limited to propofol, nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, halothane, ketamine, etomidate, opioids, barbiturates, xenon, and...
It is estimated that U.S. citizens undergo an average of 9.2 surgeries in their lifetimes, comprising of 3.41 inpatient, 2.56 outpatient, and 3.20 non-OR procedures (1). Each setting is suited for different ranges of clinical contexts. While the overall trend is more...
In the modern world, more and more people are choosing to give birth at later ages. However, peak female reproductive years are between the late teens and late 20s. By age 30, fertility begins to decline, with a higher risk of diminished ovarian function,...
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral medications initially developed and FDA-approved as antidiabetic drugs to lower blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes. Subsequent clinical trials revealed significant benefits for kidney health...
Local anesthetics play an important role in medicine by providing pain relief during surgical procedures, dental interventions, and various diagnostic tests. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine are most commonly used due to their effective analgesic properties and...
Pain relief is a fundamental aspect of medical care and patient well-being. Various mechanisms underlie the relief of pain, ranging from the suppression of pain signals to the modulation of neurotransmitters and the activation of endogenous pain-relieving pathways....
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